The order, signed on the first day of Trump's second term, would deny automatic U.S. citizenship to children born in the United States if their parents are in the country unlawfully or are only in the U.S. temporarily.
Under the executive order, birthright citizenship would generally be limited to children born to U.S. citizens or lawful permanent residents.
Currently, with limited exceptions, nearly all children born on U.S. soil automatically become U.S. citizens under the 14th Amendment.
President Trump has argued that the nation's current birthright citizenship policy has been exploited and places an unfair financial burden on taxpayers by providing public benefits to the children of undocumented immigrants.
The ruling could have significant implications nationwide, as hundreds of thousands of people have benefited from birthright citizenship.
Ahead of the decision, House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries weighed in on the case, saying the Supreme Court's ruling could have far-reaching consequences.
If the Supreme Court allows the executive order to take effect, new federal guidelines would be implemented, and a U.S. birth certificate alone would no longer be sufficient proof of citizenship for children covered under the policy.
The Supreme Court's decision is expected later Tuesday.